Evaluación del impacto de los tratados comerciales sobre las exportaciones de cacao fino de aroma desde Machala hacia mercados de Asia

Abstract

This essay analyzes the impact of trade agreements on the exports of fine-flavor cocoa from Machala, specifically through Puerto Bolívar, to Asian markets. Ecuadorian cocoa, internationally recognized for its quality, is a cornerstone of the national economy and supports more than 240,000 families. Although trade agreements aim to reduce tariff barriers and expand opportunities, the study shows that their effectiveness is limited by external factors such as international price volatility, crop diseases, and high logistics costs. These costs, which include inland transportation, port fees, customs procedures, and infrastructure inefficiencies, are among the main obstacles to competitiveness. The findings reveal that, while agreements have facilitated access to new markets and export diversification, the expected growth has not always materialized. In particular, the experience of the Multipartite Trade Agreement with the European Union demonstrates that, despite tariff advantages, international competition and external shocks reduced export dynamism. For Asia, significant opportunities arise from the growing demand for premium cocoa; however, it is essential to strengthen the value chain through investment in infrastructure, industrialization, traceability, and value-added products. The study concludes that fine-flavor cocoa remains a strategic asset for Ecuador’s foreign trade, but its full internationalization will depend on overcoming logistical limitations, maximizing the benefits of trade agreements, and consolidating public policies that enhance the sector’s competitiveness and sustainability.