Análisis de los costos operativos de transporte e importación de monturas de lentes desde China hacia la ciudad de Machala

Abstract

This essay analyzes the operating costs of transporting and importing eyeglass frames from China to Machala, Ecuador, in a context of increasing globalization and commercial dynamism. The main expenditure items affecting the logistics chain are identified: international freight, customs duties, port costs, insurance, domestic transportation, and customs broker fees. It is evident that in Ecuador, logistics costs represent between 13% and 18% of the sales value, far exceeding those of developed countries, which limits the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (PYMES). It is also highlighted that customs processes are a recurring obstacle due to bureaucracy, lack of digitalization, and long clearance times. In contrast, international experience shows that modernization and automation can significantly reduce costs and time. The Ecuador-China trade relationship, strengthened by the Free Trade Agreement, opens up opportunities for access to low-cost products, but also creates risks of economic dependence and pressure on local production. Among the optimization strategies identified are cargo consolidation, appropriate selection of Incoterms, utilization of trade agreements, and modernization of customs management. It is concluded that SMEs in Machala require technical training, process digitalization, and specialized consulting to improve the profitability and sustainability of their operations. The study raises the need for a more efficient and resilient import model, supported by cooperation between the State, the private sector, and academia.