El nearshoring en Ecuador: potencial de zonas económicas especiales y su impacto en exportaciones no petroleras

Abstract

This essay analyzes the potential of nearshoring in Ecuador and the role of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) as strategic instruments to boost non-oil exports. The research, based on qualitative documentary analysis, arises from the global context marked by the reconfiguration of value chains due to the U.S.–China trade war, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the growing need to diversify markets. It highlights that, except for Mexico, Latin America has marginally benefited from nearshoring, mainly due to institutional and logistical limitations. Within this framework, Ecuador presents comparative advantages —geographic proximity, trade agreements, and consolidated export sectors— but faces critical shortcomings in infrastructure, customs digitalization, and technical training. Properly designed SEZs can become competitive hubs that attract foreign investment, generate skilled employment, and strengthen strategic sectors such as agribusiness, light manufacturing, and technology services. However, the country must overcome institutional barriers related to legal security, regulatory stability, and the simplification of procedures. The study shows that in 2023, non-oil exports reached USD 18.8 billion, a 15% increase compared to 2022, concentrated mainly in primary products. SEZs could diversify this export offer and increase added value. Technical training and public-private coordination are essential to consolidate this process. In conclusion, Ecuador has the conditions to take advantage of nearshoring through SEZs, but their success will depend on comprehensive policies, investment in infrastructure, and institutional strengthening that translate potential into sustainable results.