Vínculo de apego y la familia de un niño con trastorno del espectro autista.

Abstract

In Ecuador, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has a higher incidence compared to other disorders, since out of 1266 diagnosed cases, 254 correspond to atypical autism, 15 to Rett syndrome and 205 to Asperger syndrome, its management is based on a multisystemic and comprehensive approach, working together with their family, the person with ASD and the community, it is important to emphasize that adolescents and children with this pathology are not attended in the specific and therapeutic adequate way (Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP), 2016, p. 17). The interest of the case study was based on the influence of ASD on the family and attachment bonds, due to the fact that, if a member of their family context has some type of ASD they would probably face some more common problematic; such as: stress, worry, helplessness and even emotional problems. In addition, parents might feel guilt for the existence of the disorder, so that their responsibility would increase to achieve the welfare of their child, in which the bond between both parties would be strengthened. The research was conducted in the province of El Oro, in the Machala canton, at the Augusta Mora De Franco General Basic Education School with an 8 years old boy. The student has a diagnosis of autism, which is evidenced by the difficulties he presents with respect to social skills, lack of communication and empathy, influencing the relationship with his classmates, teachers and family. To this effect, the following problem was posed: How do attachment bonds and the family of a child with ASD influence? Therefore, the following general objective was proposed to solve the problem: To analyze the influence of attachment bonds and the family of a child with ASD. In order to carry out this research, a qualitative methodology was used, since it is based on the analysis of the circumstances that occur in the context where the subject develops. The instruments and techniques used to gather information, with the objective of verifying the characteristics of the variables and analyzing the study phenomenon, were: observation, interview and test. The results obtained showed that the child with ASD is well treated by his family members, has more trust with his mother, because she is the one who is more aware of him, also feels frustration for vulnerable situations and spends a lot of time on the cell phone, since children with this condition find it easier to interact in the digital world than in the real world. In spite of the good family relationship reflected in the interview, the projective family test revealed that there is an index of anxiety, possible emotional problems and fear of the outside world as a consequence of the scarce coexistence with his father. Therefore, it is concluded that, through the analysis of the case study and the evaluation instruments, the affective relationship is influenced by the father's difficulty in showing affection, since it is difficult for him to interpret the needs of his son with ASD, this is largely due to the lack of development of secure attachment bonds. In view of this, recommendations were proposed: that parents should have a psycho-pedagogical follow-up to provide them with informative and instrumental tools that help to strengthen the affective relationship of their child with the family circle, in addition to strengthening the attachment bond in the child through the sensitization of the family circle and the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques and incorporating the strategy of imitation skills in the therapies, to facilitate the social interaction of the child with ASD.