Evaluación de 45 accesiones de maní: caracterización morfoagronómica y físico—química

Abstract

The peanut is an oilseed plant that has a great agronomic and industrial performance at commercial level, whose major producers are India, the United States and China, being its origin in countries such as Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina. Due to its good quality such as the percentage of protein, fat, ash, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds, it should be considered a great food for food sovereignty and food security. Therefore, in the present study the characterization of some peanut accessions from the Germplasm Bank of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences was sought with the objective of evaluating the phenotypic diversity and nutritional quality of 45 peanut accessions based on the characterization of 32 morphoagronomic and 5 physical-chemical descriptors. Repeated plots were carried out in which 30 plants were sown per accession with a distance of thirty centimeters between plants and rows. The morphoagronomic variables studied were: percentage of seed germination (%); percentage of field establishment (%), number of days to seed emergence, growth habit, branch arrangement, plant width (cm), plant height (cm), stem pigmentation, stem surface, number of flowers per axil, color of banner petal, color of banner petal spots, color of pedicel, anthocyanins of banner petal, color of gynophore, pubescence of gynophore, number of colors in gynophore, number of colors in gynophore, number of flowers per axil, number of flowers per axil, number of flowers per axil, number of flowers per axil, number of flowers per axil, number of flowers per axil, number of colors in gynophore, number of colors in gynophore, number of flowers per axil, number of colors in gynophore, number of flowers per axil, number of flowers per axil, number of colors in the gynophore, leaflet length (mm), leaflet width (mm), leaflet shape, leaflet surface, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod tip, pod strangulation, pod length (mm), pod width (mm), seed length (mm), seed width (mm), seed width (mm), hundred seed weight, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity; while for the physical-chemical characterization we have moisture percentage (%), fat percentage (%), ash percentage (%), amount of phenols (mg GAE/g dry sample) and antioxidant activity (mg TE/g dry sample), of which 14 descriptors are qualitative and 23 are quantitative. By obtaining the data recorded from the morphoagronomic and physicochemical characterization, the principal component analysis was performed, in which it was obtained that the most discriminating variables with positive distribution is the plant width (PWA), percentage of plant height (PTA), leaflet width (FA), leaflet surface (SF) and anthocyanins of the banner petal (APE); while negatively is growth habit (HC), ash percentage (PC) and color of banner petal pinnae (CPPE). In the cluster analysis for multistate data with values of the projections called factorial scores of the principal component analysis, a dendrogram was generated based on similarity distances, with the use of the SPSS statistical program; therefore it was obtained that the accession Utmach 012 has greater variability due to the high average values either in the height and width of the plant, the length and width of the leaflet in comparison to the rest of the phenotypes. In addition, sets of accessions were formed, so that group 1 subgroup 2 and 3; group 2 subgroup 1 and 2 and group 3, have characteristics of creeping or decumbent growth and some have two seeds per pod despite not having alternate branching, whose characters are characteristic of the subspecies hypogaea var. hypogaea; on the contrary, group 1, subgroups 1 and 4, which shows erect growth, with flowers on the main stem, some in sequential arrangement and three seeds per pod, presents characteristics in accordance with the subspecies fastigiata var. fastigiata of the commercial type Valencia. As for the determination of physicochemical properties, the Utmach 033 accession contains the highest percentage of fat; line 035 stands out in ash content, phenotype 021 contains the highest phenolic compounds and genotype 010 has the highest antioxidant activity. These resources are of great importance for future breeding programs for the improvement of this crop and thus stimulate the reactivation of its productive matrix.