Evaluación de productos naturales para el control profiláctico de patógenos en el cultivo de camarón blanco (litopenaeus vannamei)

Abstract

During recent years in the Ecuador, the production of white shrimp has been increasing at an exponential level, and this increase is mainly due to the high demand for this product worldwide, therefore, the aquaculture sector has made some changes in their production systems. Producers have increased the number of shrimp per square meter to get more pounds per hectare and thus increase profits, other producers prefer to look for alternatives in terms of farming systems and perform prebreeding, integrated farming, raceway, open recirculation systems, and so on. Some of the intensive systems used in shrimp farming are new in Ecuador, which means that producers must update their knowledge in order to adapt to the new cultivation strategies demanded by the market, since these systems must take into account how many shrimp are sown per square meter, In the first 15 to 20 days after sowing the shrimp is susceptible to possible diseases, as well as due to climatic changes or poor preparation of the swimming pool, the animals tend to get sick. The most common disease in these cultivation systems is caused by bacteria of the genus Vibrios spp. This group of bacteria are part of the environment where aquatic organisms live and are present in the water and in the seedling which means that the shrimp will feed on the natural productivity present in the environment and therefore becomes infected, another mechanism by which the organism becomes ill, is when there is an imbalance in its ecosystem, poor water quality either by low concentrations of oxygen, pH acids or alkalines or that ammonium levels are high, very low temperatures, all these factors cause organisms to become stressed and therefore this has a great incidence since their immune system decreases and therefore the animal is more susceptible to any pathogen found in the environment, the bacteria commonly found become opportunistic pathogens and as long as the parameters are controlled and a good management protocol is in place there will be no risk of any strong bacterial attack on the cultures. In order to control these pathologies it is commonly resorted to the excessive use of antibiotics sometimes in an inadequate way what is generated within the medium a type of bacterial resistance. Hence, the idea of replacing antibiotics with extracts of natural origin, which help prevent the growth of unwanted bacteria in our production system. Currently, there is research indicating the use of plant extracts or plant products to counteract the presence of bacteria in the culture of aquatic organisms. This work is a preliminary trial where the effect of two products of natural origin on the presence of Vibrios spp. was evaluated. in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), in which two doses of each product are evaluated (200 µl and 400 µl), for the second product the manufacturer's dose was evaluated. For the test 15 aquariums with a capacity of 8 liters were used, after the acclimatization of the animals the treatments were started, and 5 shrimps were placed per aquariums in a volume of 5 liters of water and with aeration. They were fed at 3% of the Biomass, two daily doses in each treatment for a period of 10 days. For microbiological analysis, we used hepatopancreas sowing in different culture media. In the statistical analysis ANOVA indicates that there is an effect of natural products on the vibrios (p<0, 05).