Análisis de la contaminación acústica producida por automotores que circulan en la vía panamericana del cantón Camilo Ponce Enríquez

Abstract

The noise in high decibels existing in several cities of the country gives rise to what is known as noise pollution, therefore this situation makes it necessary to perform an analysis of such contamination to be able to share the results with society, in such a way that they raise awareness and can take measures to avoid generating noise that cause negative effects, in the same way to share the results obtained with the authorities so that they take strict measures on people that give rise to levels of sound pressure to a degree detrimental to people. The increase of existing cars in the country has caused noise to rise in high decibels in cities and high traffic flow roads, to this situation is the Camilo Ponce Enríquez Canton since the Panamericana highway that crosses the urban environment of the Canton aforementioned is traveled by a wide variety of automotive. In order to know the current state of the sound environment of the Camilo Ponce Enríquez Canton, the analysis of the noise pollution caused by the vehicles was carried out, to then elaborate a contingency plan to reduce said pollution and improve the health and quality of life of the people. The present work is under the modality of case analysis, in which types of documentary and field sources were used. For the execution of the present investigation, interviews and acoustic surveys were carried out in situ, using a sound level meter to collect specific data that will be obtained after carrying out the respective analysis with the limit established in the Unified Legislation of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment (TULSMA) , which will allow knowing the degree of noise pollution to which the population of the study area is subject. For the development of the present project the theoretical basis was presented, the same one that was obtained from different sources of documentary research, presenting definitions such as: noise, its types and the effect it causes on the health of people; sound pressure and their respective levels; decibel and its unit of measure; sound level meters, types, calibration; weighting in time; weighting curves; Environmental standard for noise control in the country; tables with the permissible sound pressure levels. For the analysis of noise, 10 Critical Points of Affectation (PCA) were considered in the Panamericana highway that crosses the aforementioned canton, complying with the parameters established in the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of Environment (TULSMA), which was published in the official registry of Ecuador in the month of November of 2015, with the same that details the correct use of the sound level meter, noise parameters to be respected, selection of Critical Points of Affectation (PCA). For the noise measurement of the project, the 15 second method (Leq 15s) was chosen, which consists of collecting at least 5 samples of 15 seconds each. Surveys were conducted to the people who reside and transit through the study area in order to know and evaluate their knowledge about what is: acoustic contamination; negative effects by noise in the human being and the sources from where the noise originates. In the case analysis, 10 acoustic soundings were conducted throughout the study area with the help of the PCE - 322 integrating sound level meter. As a result, the chosen study area shows a high degree of noise pollution, especially at the intersection. of the Panamericana Highway and March 28, resulting in an LAmin of 85 dBA and LAmax of 88 dBA, which is uncomfortable and affects the people who reside and transit through the study area. A contingency plan was drawn up to prevent, control and mitigate noise pollution, this proposal is directly aimed at the benefit of the inhabitants and the environment, this contributes to having a better quality of life for the population and maintaining a healthy environment. Two flow charts of the contingency plan were presented; the first details the organizational part of the contingency plan, and the second presents the ordinances, actions and advantages of the contingency plan.