Importancia de las técnicas inmunológicas moleculares como apoyo al diagnóstico microbiológico diferencial de infección aguda por VIH

Abstract

Introduction: The clinical diagnosis of HIV infection can only be established by differential methods, since none of the clinical manifestations are specific to HIV. The diagnostic methods consider rapid tests and molecular immunoassays such as: p24 detection, fourth generation ELISA methods, confirmatory tests such as Western Blot or online immunoassays and PCR. Objective: To investigate confirmatory molecular immunological methods of HIV by differentiating its characteristics to determine acute infection as a reinforcement of differential microbiological diagnosis. Methods: A descriptive study of a clinical case is carried out, with molecular immunological analyzes that reinforce the differential microbiological diagnosis for the early determination of HIV infections. Results: Molecular immunological methods for the differential diagnosis of HIV include, from 3rd generation techniques, layers of diagnosing infection once the acute phase has been reached, to fourth generation techniques that detect infection at the third week of infection, confirmatory tests such as Western Blot and LIA show a sensitivity of 98 to 99% and a specificity of 99.9. The revised molecular techniques can reduce diagnostic time from day 11 such as p24 or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Conclusions; Molecular immunological methods allow the detection of HIV infection in a reduced window time, due to its high specificity and sensitivity, offering diagnostic and confirmation results after 3 weeks of infection.