Ejercicios multicomponentes: un enfoque preventivo para el equilibrio en adultos mayores

Abstract

This research presented multicomponent exercises to reduce the risk of falls due to poor balance in older adults in the "Adulto Mayor" program of the Municipality of Machala. The main problem addresses the significant loss of balance in older adults, an unavoidable physiological process that increases their propensity to fall. This situation is exacerbated by the sedentary lifestyle and low physical activity of this population, often due to the scarcity of state programs dedicated to them. The overall objective of the study is to analyze the effect of multicomponent exercises on improving balance in older adults. The methodology employed was descriptive with a mixed approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Data collection techniques included surveys on health habits and physical activity, the Barthel Index to assess independence in basic daily activities, and the Short Physical Perfomance Battery (SPPB) balance test. The sample included the promoter of the "Sonrisas del Alma" senior program and 15 older adults. As an integrative proposal, we present a Vivifrail Multicomponent Exercise Guide aimed at promoters of the "Smiles of the Soul" program (also known as the "Senior Adult" program in the Municipality of Machala). This guide seeks to provide effective guidance to improve balance, reduce the risk of falls, and optimize the quality of life of older adults. It includes structured routines of aerobic, strength, flexibility, balance, and endurance exercises lasting 40-45 minutes. The expected benefits of implementing these exercises are broad, including improved physical and intellectual functionality, prevention of sarcopenia, reduction of the risk of falls, muscle and bone strengthening, a decrease in the risk of chronic diseases, improved mental health (reducing stress, anxiety, and depression), fostering autonomy, and increasing confidence and social interaction. The proposal is considered technically, economically, socially, and environmentally feasible.