Proceso de atención de enfermería para enfrentar factores de riesgo en entorno familiar en pacientes con diabetes e hipertensión arterial

Abstract

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are usually long-lasting and slow-moving, of which the most prevalent worldwide are hypertension (HBP) and diabetes mellitus (DM). According to the WHO, hypertension, is the persistent elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg, is also called "silent killer", because it initially does not give symptoms, although when it has caused damage to target organs. It presents the following clinical manifestations: headache, tinnitus, dyspnea, vertigo, chest pain, tachycardia or epistaxis. Type 2 DM is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by the fact that the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance, representing 90% of cases in contrast to type 1 DM. The risk factors attributed to both HBP and DM are very similar: advanced age, genetics, smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, emotional stress, low socioeconomic level and abnormal blood glucose levels. For a better understanding of the health-disease process, the Theory of the Natural History of the Disease has been taken as a basis, divided into two periods: prepatogenic and pathogenic, for which three levels of prevention are established: primary, secondary and tertiary, important to plan the corresponding interventions in order to improve the quality of life of hypertensive and diabetic patients, according to the Dorothea Orem Model.