Evaluación comparativa de los costos de construcción de una vivienda de clase media, utilizando sistemas tradicionales de hormigón armado frente a soluciones constructivas con materiales sostenibles, mediante análisis de precios unitarios (apu)

Abstract

This research presents a comparative analysis between two single-family housing: one with a traditional reinforced concrete structure and another incorporating sustainable materials, using the Unit Price Analysis (UPA) methodology. The study focuses on the urban context of the Machala canton, addressing the housing deficit for middle-class families. Detailed budgets were developed for both structures under the same design and area conditions, differing only in the materials used. The total budget for the house with a reinforced concrete structure reached $59,576.81, while the alternative using sustainable materials amounted to $63,706.51, reflecting a 6.9% difference, mainly attributed to the initial cost of inputs such as recycled PET blocks, expanded polystyrene void forms, and ECOPAK roofing. The cost per square meter was $517.16/m² for the conventional housing and $553.01/m² for the sustainable option. At the level of material subtotals, it was found that items related to the use of recycled aggregates, particularly in concrete elements and roofing, showed cost reductions of up to 7%, while other materials still in early adoption stages led to additional costs. Beyond the economic focus, an environmental impact analysis was incorporated, demonstrating that the use of sustainable materials can reduce the carbon footprint by up to 80% in walls and up to 95% in roofing systems. The results show that although the initial investment is slightly higher, the environmental, maintenance, and energy efficiency benefits justify their application. This research provides a reliable technical foundation that supports the adoption of viable sustainable construction solutions for Ecuador.