Análisis del impacto de la digitalización en la eficiencia de los procesos aduaneros en puertos

Abstract

This research addresses how digital transformation has optimized customs management in one of the most important ports in Ecuador. It is highlighted that digitalization is a key factor to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs and waiting times, and mitigate problems such as port congestion and excessive bureaucracy. The study is justified by the need to modernize customs processes in Puerto Bolívar, where the lack of adequate technological infrastructure limits competitiveness and affects foreign trade. The objectives of the research are: to evaluate the impact of digitalization on the reduction of waiting times and productivity, to propose measures to reduce dependence on manual processes, and to analyze how the lack of technology affects the implementation of digital solutions. In the development, the evolution of digitalization in the global and local context is explored, highlighting tools such as the ECUAPASS system, which has allowed the electronic transmission of customs declarations, reducing clearance times by 30% and minimizing errors. It also discusses international examples of ports that have implemented digital technologies, such as Rotterdam, Singapore, and Los Angeles, where automation and the use of artificial intelligence have improved operational efficiency. However, in Puerto Bolívar, challenges persist, such as the presentation of physical documents, manual reviews of returns, and the lack of integration between actors, which slows down total optimization. The methodology used is qualitative, with a non-experimental and cross-sectional approach, based on documentary review and interviews with customs officials, clearance agents and exporters. The results reveal that although digitalization has reduced clearance times from 7-10 days to 3-5 days and increased productivity, there are still manual processes that limit efficiency, such as cash payment management and physical inspections of goods. In addition, it is identified that the lack of adequate technological infrastructure and poor interoperability between systems are significant barriers. In the conclusions, it is emphasized that digitalization has positively transformed cargo management and the accuracy of procedures, but it is necessary to invest in technology, train staff and promote collaboration between the public and private sectors to overcome current limitations. The study recommends deepening the use of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, and developing an action plan that prioritizes the modernization of technological infrastructure. This would not only optimize customs processes in Puerto Bolívar, but also contribute to the economic growth and competitiveness of Ecuador's foreign trade.