Transformación digital en puertos marítimos como estrategia de diferenciación: comparación entre Ecuador y referentes internacionales

Abstract

Digital transformation in seaports has become a key strategic factor to strengthen global competitiveness. This study analyzes the digitalization process in Ecuadorian ports and compares it with international benchmarks such as Singapore, Rotterdam, and Barcelona. Globally, the adoption of technologies such as artificial intelligence, Big Data, blockchain, digital twins, IoT, and 5G connectivity has optimized logistics processes, reduced costs, increased security, and promoted sustainability. These advances have consolidated the concept of “smart ports. In Ecuador, the ports of Guayaquil, Manta, and Posorja have progressively incorporated digital tools. Guayaquil stands out for the implementation of blockchain in document traceability, hybrid cranes, and a private LTE network. Manta has developed T.O.S. systems and image analysis technologies, while Posorja excels for its modern infrastructure, automated processes, and high level of digitalization. However, there are still structural and technological limitations such as lack of system interoperability, low investment in human talent, and the need for regulatory updates. The comparison highlights a significant gap with international benchmarks, where technological innovations are integral, interoperable, and supported by strong policies. Singapore leads with drones, digital twins, and interconnected logistics platforms; Rotterdam with full automation and predictive analytics; and Barcelona with 5G networks, edge computing, and environmental monitoring drones. In conclusion, Ecuador has made relevant progress, particularly in Guayaquil and Posorja, but it still requires a comprehensive digital transformation strategy to consolidate its ports as true competitive differentiators in global maritime trade.