Análisis multidisciplinario de suelo en calzado como herramienta forense para la reconstrucción de escenarios criminales.

Abstract

This study addresses the potential of shoe soles as reservoirs of microorganisms and their application in forensic investigations for the reconstruction of criminal scenarios. The general objective is to evaluate the applicability of combined analytical techniques (pH, colorimetry, microscopy and NIR spectroscopy) in the characterization of soil samples for their individual identification in forensic chemical expertise, contributing to the resolution of criminal cases. The methodology includes the collection of samples in the Primero de Noviembre sector, Pasaje canton, by means of sterile swabs, detailed microbiological analysis and physicochemical characterization of the adhered soil. The results show the presence of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans, whose distribution is influenced by factors such as type of footwear, use and environmental conditions. It was established that variables such as soil pH and organic matter accumulation significantly influence microbial proliferation, reinforcing the usefulness of soles as biomarkers of geography and human activity. In conclusion, this work constitutes the first methodological framework in Ecuador to integrate forensic microbiology in criminal investigations, filling a technical gap and laying the groundwork for future developments in scientific justice. As recommendations, it is suggested to continue with similar studies considering different socioeconomic and geographical contexts to expand the forensic microbiological database.