Certificación de comercio justo en la competitividad del sector cacaotero ecuatoriano: un estudio comparativo entre productores certificados y no certificados.

Abstract

Fair trade certification is a comprehensive process that seeks to ensure that products, such as cocoa, are produced and traded ethically and sustainably. This approach not only ensures fair prices for producers, but also promotes decent working conditions and responsible agricultural practices. In the context of the Ecuadorian cocoa sector, certification has allowed small producers to access differentiated markets, improve their well-being and contribute to the development of their communities. This research focuses on analyzing the effects of Fairtrade certification on the competitiveness of the cocoa sector, comparing certified and non-certified producers. The general objective of the research is to analyze the effects of Fairtrade certification on the competitiveness of the Ecuadorian cocoa sector. Specific objectives include assessing the impact of certification on cocoa sales prices, investigating its influence on access to international markets, analysing differences in cocoa quality between certified and non-certified producers, and examining the effect of certification on the social and economic development of producer communities. The research was carried out using a mixed approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources, including TradeMap and the Central Bank of Ecuador. Interviews were conducted with cocoa farmers in the province of El Oro, one certified and one non-certified, to obtain direct perspectives on the impact of certification. The research design was non-experimental and cross-sectional, allowing a snapshot of the current situation of the sector. The results revealed significant differences between certified and non-certified producers. Certified farmers experienced an increase in demand for their cocoa, access to higher prices, and the ability to reinvest in their communities. In addition, the certification allowed them to diversify their marketing channels and access international markets. In contrast, non-certified producers faced limitations in their competitiveness and access to markets, underscoring the importance of certification as a viable strategy to improve their economic situation. The SWOT analysis conducted in the research identified strengths such as access to fair prices and improvement in product quality, as well as opportunities in the growth of the sustainable products market. However, weaknesses were also pointed out, such as certification costs and lack of knowledge among non-certified producers, and threats such as global competition and fluctuations in consumer demand. Fair trade certification has proven to be a key driver for the social and economic development of cocoa-producing communities in Ecuador. By ensuring fair and stable prices, this certification not only improves the quality of life of farmers, but also allows them to invest in their communities. The creation of cooperatives and associations has strengthened social cohesion and promoted collaboration among producers, which contributes to the development of more resilient communities. However, it is critical to recognize the challenges associated with certification, such as costs and process complexity. To maximize benefits, it is recommended to implement training and awareness programs aimed at non-certified producers, encourage the creation of cooperatives and establish strategic alliances with organizations that promote fair trade. These actions will not only help level the playing field, but will also contribute to the sustainable development of the cocoa sector in Ecuador. In summary, Fairtrade certification has the potential to transform the sector, but its success depends on a collaborative approach and continued support to producers.