Identificación de reacciones adversas a medicamentos en una institución de salud de segundo nivel de atención

Abstract

Medications play a fundamental role in the promotion of health and the treatment of pathologies. However, despite the benefits, their use carries the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which can threaten the patient's health. The objective of this study was to analyze the adverse drug reactions reported at the IESS General Hospital during the years 2019 to 2023 and the first four months of 2024. Particularly, to classify ADRs according to causality and severity, to identify the pharmacological groups and drugs involved and to compare the incidence of reactions according to sex and age group. Thus, a descriptive, cross-sectional research with a non-experimental design and quantitative approach was developed, based on the review of the yellow pharmacovigilance data sheets for data collection. A total of 70 ADRs were obtained, where adulthood (19-65 years) with 67.1% was the age group with the highest susceptibility to present ADRs and a mean age of 39.6 ±21.4 years was obtained, with a higher prevalence in women (64.9%) compared to men (34.1%). ADRs were mostly classified as possible (91.4%) according to causality and moderate (74.3%) in terms of severity. The most frequent pharmacological groups were J (47.6%), L (16.7%) and N (14.2%), according to the National Basic Drug List (Cuadro Básico Nacional de Medicamentos, CNMB) of Ecuador. The drugs associated with the highest number of reactions included Rituximab (10.3%), Iron Saccharate (10.3%) and Ceftriaxone (9%). The hospital areas with the most reports were: autoimmune clinic, gynecological hospitalization and internal medicine with 18.6%, respectively. The diseases that presented some type of ADR with an incidence of 14.6% belonged to the D and K group. The present study underscores the importance of detecting ADRs through pharmacovigilance, since it optimizes drug therapy by reducing the risk of serious adverse events and improving patient safety. In addition, continuous and comprehensive analysis provides a solid basis for better understanding and management of these adverse events.