Manejo quirúrgico actual de la rotura de ligamento cruzado anterior

Abstract

Introduction: The knee, a complex structure formed by the femur, tibia and patella, has two main joints and six ligaments that stabilize it, highlighting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). This ligament, crucial for knee stability, prevents anterior translation of the tibia and hyperextension. ACL injuries are common, especially among athletes, and are seen more in women due to lower muscle strength and in men due to their participation in high-impact sports. Although most injuries are not due to direct contact, they usually occur due to sudden changes in direction, jumps or sudden stops. Risk factors include age, anatomy, participation in sports, and inappropriate footwear. The diagnosis is based on symptoms such as pain and instability, confirmed by physical tests. Surgical treatment, including arthroscopic reconstruction, may use autologous or allogeneic grafts. The main surgical techniques are the single-tunnel and double-bundle techniques. Postoperative rehabilitation is essential to recovery, focusing on restoring range of motion and strengthening surrounding muscles. Objective: To analyze the different surgical treatment techniques for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in the knee, in order to determine the most effective approaches to improve knee stability and functional recovery of patients. Methodology: A review of scientific articles in journals was carried out in databases such as Pubmed and Google Scholar and Uptodate, related to the surgical approach.