Determinación de la incompatibilidad sanguínea mediante la prueba de coombs indirecto en mujeres embarazadas del hospital obstétrico Angela Loayza de Ollague del cantón Santa Rosa desde el año 2021 al 2023

Abstract

Blood incompatibility in pregnant women is a worldwide problem, characterised by Rh negative blood type in the pregnant woman and Rh positive in the foetus. This condition leads to complications in the pregnant woman and the foetus, the most frequent in the foetus being jaundice, haemolytic anaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia and in unfavourable cases it can cause hydrops foetalis and/or foetal death. In pregnant women, anaemia may occur as a result of miscarriage. Blood incompatibility is detected by means of the Indirect Coombs' clinical test, which allows the detection of antibodies present in the blood (serum) of the pregnant woman. These antibodies destroy the erythrocytes of the foetus causing sensitising effects. Therefore, immunoprophylaxis is recommended through the use of the anti-D immunoglobulin vaccine, in order to reduce the generation of antibodies that attack the erythrocytes of the foetus. The general objective of the research is to determine the incidence of blood incompatibility in pregnant women, by means of a clinical trial of the indirect Coombs test at the Ángela Loayza Obstetric Hospital in Ollague, Santa Rosa canton, from 2021 to 2023, in order to prevent sensitising events in pregnant women. The theoretical framework included information from authors who refer to maternal-fetal blood incompatibility. The methodology was descriptive, retroprospective and prospective, using inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine the sample size (population). Jamovi was used to analyse the results and to obtain tables and graphs. Of the pregnant women, 97% underwent the indirect Coombs' test, 46.33% had blood incompatibility. In the case of clinical manifestations, 38.9% of the pregnant women had anaemia during pregnancy. Finally, the most prevalent complication in the newborn was jaundice (25.33%).