Diagnóstico precoz de osteosarcoma en el primer nivel de atención sanitaria

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor that affects patients under 20 years of age. By the year 2040 it is predicted that the global burden of osteosarcoma will be 28.4 million new cases compared to the year 2020 where there were 19.3 million. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics and Census, in Ecuador it is estimated that there are about 100 new patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma each year. OBJECTIVE: To describe the types, etiology, symptomatology, epidemiology and methods used for the early diagnosis of osteosarcoma based on the bibliographic review of updated scientific articles in order to serve as support to primary health care physicians for the early detection of this disease. METHODOLOGY: A search of scientific information was carried out in databases such as Taylor France, Scopus, Scielo, Microsoft Student, Google Scholar, PubMed published during the last 5 years. CONCLUSION: The incidence of osteosarcoma is 0.3 cases per 100,000 per year, with a higher prevalence in adolescents aged 15 and 19 years. The most frequent anatomical site of localization is in the metaphysis of long bones, mainly in the femur, tibia and humerus. Risk factors for developing this pathology include previous exposure to radiotherapy and genetic abnormalities. The detection methods are based on the use of CT scans, X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory tests which allow an accurate and early diagnosis of the presence of osteosarcoma.