Beneficios de la comunidad microbiana de los probióticos que se utilizan en el cultivo del camarón blanco “Litopenaeus Vannamei”

Abstract

Shrimp farming is currently an export industry of great economic importance. The industry has had significant effects on local and regional economies, contributing to job creation and overall economic development. However, as the growth of the industry puts increasing pressure on coastal natural resources, there is a growing need for the implementation of techniques and forms of culture management that help reduce environmental impacts and help sustain the natural resource base. The incorporation of micro-organisms into the water and soil is an environmentally sustainable method as it increases disease resistance and helps to improve the nutritional status of the shrimp. Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit the host, which modify the microbial community either within the host or its environment. There are great benefits of using probiotics in shrimp farming, such as colonization and adhesion in the gastrointestinal tract, production of antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, beneficial as well as improved water and soil quality among others. The variety of beneficial bacteria used as probiotics in aquaculture is very extensive, the most commonly used are bacteria of the genera Aeromonas, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Alteromonas, Zooshikella, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Carnobacterium Vibrio, Roseobacter, Pseudomona, and Lactobacillus. Yeasts, unicellular algae and bacteriophages are also used. On the other hand, probiotic strains involved in biodegradation (such as Bacillus spp., Paracoccus spp., Thiobacillus spp.) applied to the water, contribute to the modulation of the microbiological profile in the aquaculture pond, the degradation of undesirable residues (ammonia, nitrite, hydrogen sulphide), improve the mineralization of OM and reduce the accumulation of sludge.