Evolución geoespacial de los macronutrientes en el suelo por efecto del fertirriego en el cultivo de banano

Abstract

The banana crop (Musa spp.), is an important support for the socio-economy and food security of the country, and represents an average of 15% of the total production of fruits in the world, fertigation is a technique that allows the simultaneous application of water and fertilizers through the irrigation system to crops with this background the following objectives were raised, evaluation of the geo-spatial distribution of macronutrients in the soil, product of the effect of fertigation in the banana crop. The area where the research was carried out was in the Marquez Farm, located in the parish of La Peaña, Canton Pasaje, at Km 15 of the Machala-Pasaje road, province of El Oro. The study area corresponds to a tropical forest, an average monthly temperature of 26 °C, precipitation ranging between 200 - 1000 mm per year, average wind speed 2 to 4 m* s-1, 2.8 average hours of sunshine and a relative humidity of 83%. The spatial variability of the following chemical properties, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) was studied. Samples for the analysis of soil macronutrients were recorded a total of 9 samples in the different months of July, October, January, at a depth of 20 cm of soil, processing a total of 3 soil analyses, and sampling to measure pH and EC was done every 15 days, giving a total of 7 data for 6 weeks. Data analysis was performed in different approaches, univariate (descriptive statistics) using IBM SPSS Estatistics 23 software and Microsoft Excel 2013, exploratory graphs were used as box-whisker diagrams that allowed visual appreciation of the behavior of each variable. In the geostatistical analysis, Surfer 16 software was used to determine experimental semivariograms, where theoretical, spherical, Gaussian and exponential models were adjusted for the different depths of each variable, being the most accurate and efficient the spherical and Gaussian models, which presented a Nash coefficient and a coefficient of determination (𝑅 2) close to or equal to 1, likewise the lowest values of the root mean square error (RMSE) were obtained. In ArcGis 10.3 software, parameters of the semivariogram were used for interpolation by the kriging method, which allowed the design of spatial variability maps of soil macronutrients. The results evidenced that in the spatial content of soil macronutrients there was a continuous increase, starting in N values between minimum (0.07 - 0.15%) and maximum values of %N content in (0.28 - 0.37%), in P it presented minimum values of (40. 34 - 47.35 ppm) and maximum values of P content (ppm) in (58.82 - 67.42 ppm), in K it presented minimum values of (0.96 - 1.50 meq/100gr) and maximum values of (2.52 - 3.32 meq/100gr), in Ca we obtained minimum values (16.99 - 22. 99 meq/100gr) and maximum values between (34.21 - 41.66 meq/gr), in Mg we found minimum values of (3.02 - 4.64 meq/100gr) and maximum values (7.72 - 9.57 meq/100gr), in Na we found minimum values (0.81 - 0.89 meq/100gr) and maximum values (1.00 - 1. 11 meq/100gr), in the pH and EC content the data presented a higher dispersion in the study, obtaining minimum values in pH of (7.47 - 7.56) and maximum values (7.75 - 7.85) and in EC minimum values of (0.22 - 0.24) and maximum values (0.28 - 0.30) were obtained. For the statistical analysis by principal components, the IBM SPSS Estatistics 23 software was used. The results show that the variables have significant differences between the fertigation treatment for the nutritional variables, all presented significant differences in contrast to the soil pH and EC, that is, they differ among themselves depending on the months evaluated, because the p-value is less than the proposed Alpha of 0.05 or a confidence level of 95% in the statistical tests.