Proceso de atención de enfermería en recién nacido con inmaturidad extrema basado en la teoría patrones funcionales de Marjory Gordon

Abstract

Introduction: Immaturity is defined when a newborn is born before 37 weeks of gestation. According to the WHO, premature babies are divided into subcategories based on gestational age: extreme preterm (less than 28 weeks), very preterm (28 to 32 weeks), moderate or late preterm (32 to 37 weeks). Every year 15 million babies are born prematurely worldwide; Of these, approximately one million die due to short- and long-term complications related to the nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system or metabolic disorders; Although more than 60% of preterm births occur in Africa and South Asia, it is a true global problem. In Finland, France and Denmark the percentage of preterm births is 5% and in countries such as Canada , Japan and the United States reach 12.5%, in Spain, the annual incidence of premature newborns in 2016 was 6.6% and with weight less than 1500 grams with 1%. According to PAHO, Ecuador is among the 11 countries with the lowest rates of premature births in the world with 5.1%, however, the main cause of death in children under 1 year of age in the country are complications of prematurity since according to statistical data from 2019 from the INEC, the main cause of mortality is respiratory distress in the newborn with 15%, followed by bacterial sepsis in the newborn with 7.7%, occupying the sixth cause of infant morbidity and the fourth cause of mortality. However, thanks to recent advances in the NICU, the survival of premature babies has been extended by receiving correct reception and stabilization of the premature newborn, ventilation therapies, intravenous nutrition, phototherapy, pharmacotherapy, nursing care, among others.