Maniobras aplicadas en la distocia de hombros para la prevención de las lesiones maternas y fetales

Abstract

Introduction: Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency that occurs in the second stage of labor in which some maneuvers are required because the fetal shoulders are trapped behind the pubic symphysis or in the sacrum of the maternal pelvis, which can trigger catastrophic maternal and fetal consequences; these cases represent 1% of normal deliveries worldwide. Objective: To describe the maneuvers applied in shoulder dystocia as injury prevention techniques to improve maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Methodology: The search for scientific articles was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar databases, where 23 studies were collected, published from 2017 to the present. Conclusion: The maneuvers that are applied in shoulder dystocia serve to avoid injuries, improving maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. These maneuvers can be used at the first, second and third level of care, for a favorable completion of labor and to prevent short- and long-term complications. The most effective techniques with the fewest complications are the McRoberts techniques together with suprapubic pressure; Being in disuse, the clavicle fracture due to the vascular damage it generates in the newborn and the symphysiotomy due to the surgical sequelae it leaves on the mother.