Fotogrametría aérea: aplicaciones en la verificación y corrección de la densidad poblacional en el cultivo de banano

Abstract

Georeferencing systems have allowed the development of several technologies of great impact in agricultural studies, managed in a way that is not very complex and accessible to the entire world. Aerial photogrammetry in agriculture has become one of the necessary and complementary tools for precision agriculture, in banana cultivation it has had a great impact; drones have been used in agriculture to complement countless activities carried out in agricultural work around the world. Ecuador has a large number of drones in a constant active state, with which activities such as fumigation, plant health monitoring, water indices, among other activities, have been developed. Banana is one of the crops with a large amount of cultivated area within the province, reaching up to 45% of the entire banana area of Ecuador, therefore, the development of technology is something that gives way to new methods. to optimize time and resources, this being as a strategy to remain one of the most productive sectors in the country. The investigation was carried out in the "La Aurora" farm located in the La Concordia sector belonging to the Pasaje canton. The processes to obtain a count of the population density of bananas and the area managed in a state of underutilized were determined, with which a plan to improve population density was implemented. 93 images were taken by drone and a raster image was obtained through Pix4D, processed in QGIS in 20 buffer samples. Using eCognition developer, the number of plants was counted. A statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS taking the data from the means of the counting methods, data normality test, a normality of the data was shown; variance homogeneity test, resulting in the variances being presented homogeneously, a test for which an independent samples Student's T-test was used, with the result that the plant counting methods have a significant difference. A semi-automatic count was taken, obtaining an average of 42 average plants counted and a pogo in the field resulting in 52 average plants counted, several descriptive statistics were taken, such as the minimum distance between plants of 1.23 m and the maximum distance between plants of 5.05 m, the number of plants per hectare obtained by photogrammetry estimated 1355 plants. 〖ha〗^(-1) and by pogo in the field 1677 plants. 〖ha〗^(-1), a triangle or three bobbin type planting pattern was analyzed, the total underutilized area was calculated as 0.084 hectares, managing to define that the plantation has a disorder in its distribution framework, so it must future make better distribution in its desuckering. Calculating the number of plants per hectare, a management plan was developed that consisted of improving desuckering in the future to achieve a good distance between plants, and it was also taken into account that 141 more plants could be added.