Evaluación del sistema de alcantarillado sanitario del recinto San Carlos I y II del cantón Balao

Abstract

In Ecuador, wastewater treatment systems have a low percentage of coverage, and in places where they exist, a full but partial evaluation is not made. The province that best treats wastewater is Azuay, and last the city of Ibarra with an activated sludge plant. There are several types of treatment systems for wastewater, this depends on factors, such as the number of inhabitant, climate, type of pollutant load, flow, and the budget issue, including the stabilization lagoons that due to its low cost in operation has been used in the urban and rural part of our country, this type of treatment is the one that exists in the San Carlos enclosure of the Balao canton where it was developed research. This work was proposed in order to collect bibliographic and field information to evaluate the operation of the sewerage system, which at the date of evaluation is a little less than half of the design period, verifying the parameters of water quality in the effluent to compare them with those of the Environmental Standard (Book VI annex 1) and determine if the plant is complying with the parameters minimum allowed, in terms of the discharge of wastewater into freshwater receiving bodies, which is then used for irrigation of the agricultural sector of the area. The hydraulic part of wastewater collection and the pumping system were compared with the CPE INEN 5 Part 9-1,1992 standard, for which bibliographic research and field research methods were used. A part of the bibliographic information of the system, we obtained it by means of a previous letter to the department of planning and sanitary sewerage of the municipality of the canton Balao, information that is not directly in the portal of public purchases. Additional data from the site were obtained through a series of works in the field, such as: geometric leveling to know the heights of the terrain, depth measurement, distances, slopes, diameter of pipes of the main wells. In the pumping system, the dimensions and characteristics of the installed pump were verified, and the capacity was carried out with the volumetric method to determine the pumping flow. In the treatment plant, capacity was carried out to determine the inflow rate using the landfill method without contraction, the dimensions were verified, the volume of water and slurt was calculated, both in the facultative lagoon and in the maturation lagoon. In the receiving body, capacity was carried out using the float method to determine its flow, the inlet pollutant load was compared, as well as the parameters that must be met in the discharge with the environmental standard, and in this way be able to quantify the efficiency of the plant. It was possible to conclude that the treatment system in general complies with the provisions established in the regulations, both design and environmental regulations, and in the parameters that it did not comply with, the respective observations of the case were made.