Efecto de la aplicación de enmiendas en las propiedades quimicas del suelo y su incidencia en la produccion de banano

Abstract

Over the years, there has been an inadequate use of fertilizers to increase the levels of elements in the soil and at the same time increase the production of different crops worldwide. Traditionally, previous soil tests are not carried out in order to know the fertility levels and the conditions of the physical-chemical properties of the soil. The banana (Musa x paradisiaca) is an herbaceous plant of the Musaceae family that is cultivated in Ecuador because of its great social, economic and nutritional importance; its fruit is very popular in different international markets for its organoleptic properties. Ecuador has around 230000 hectares planted with an average of 1700 boxes/Has produced annually, being very low productivity numbers compared to the amount of competing countries such as Colombia, Costa Rica and the Philippines who have 2200, 2500 and 3000 boxes/Has per year. Banana soils have been severely deteriorated by the use of edaphic fertilizers, some of which have caused the destruction of the soil structure, resulting in soil compaction, decreased levels of organic matter, immobilized elements, reduced yields and low levels of boxes/ha/year compared to neighboring exporting countries. The present research aims to improve the productivity of banana soils in Ecuador, through the use of organic amendments that improve chemical and physical properties, particularly pH, OM, E.C., and at the same time help the availability of chemical elements. The field work was carried out at the Hacienda Lote Paladines located in the province of Guayas, Canton Guayaquil in the parish of Tenguel at the San Rafael site with the coordinates of Latitude 2°58'02.4 "S Longitude 79°46'40.4 "W, cultivated with the Cavendish Grand Naine banana variety; data collection was carried out from week 6 of the year 2020 until week 53 of the same year. The following amendments were applied in 3 treatment lots (for each 1ha), the organic amendment of Radix Cal 4 Lts/Ha + Aminocalcium 1 Kg/Ha + Solum H80 1 Kg/Ha + Folcral 1 Lts/Ha was applied in Lot A8 treatment (T1), in Lot B2, Calcium Sulfate (50) + calcium carbonate (50%) was applied edaphically, this treatment was (T2), and the T0 treatment, as a control in lot A7, did not receive any amendment, it was the control treatment. Descriptive variables were pH, Ce(Ds/m), N-Nh4 (ppm), P (ppm), K (meq/100g), Ca (meq/100g), Mg (meq/100g), Fe (ppm), Zn (ppm). Soil samples were taken before and after the application of amendments, in T1-T0-T2, 24 plants with a child greater than 1.50 m were selected to see the behavior and assimilation of the plants to these nutritional elements during the course of the work. For the analytical variables taken from the 24 bunches of plants sampled in the treatments, we collected bunch weight (lbs), ratio, number of hands, finger length (plgs), sheathing/Ha/year, return, boxes/Ha/year, which were statistically analyzed using Statgraphics Centurion XVII software. The variables whose P significance was less than 0.05 showed that T1 improves the physical properties of the soil, increases its productivity and assimilation of nutritional elements, so much so that the sheathing in T1 overpasses with 46 sheaths/Ha/year compared to T0-T2 that had 36 and 33 respectively, the return in T1 is 1.85 per year compared to T0-T2 below 1.5 return, the boxes/Ha/year are at 3348 being very high numbers compared and surpassing countries such as Costa Rica. The results of the soil analysis carried out in the laboratory show that in T1 the plants assimilated the nutrients better, improving the physical-chemical properties, thus the pH of 6.5 rose to 7.1 improving the absorption of nutrients, on the other hand the iron content of 206 ppm dropped to 65 ppm contributing to a better rate of leaf emission, pseudostem diameter, mother/child ratio, and height compared to the other treatments.