Mecanismos inmunotoxicológicos del arsénico inorgánico, y sus biomarcadores para un correcto diagnóstico.

Abstract

Arsenic is a metalloid widely found in nature, its toxicity depends on the oxidation state, being the trivalent state the most toxic, that is why it is of interest in the field of public health. Chronic effects usually appear between 5-20 years depending on the dose of exposure of the individual, this is mainly due to the consumption of contaminated water called hydroarsenism. The present research aims to correlate the immunotoxicological mechanisms and biomarkers, through literature review, for the correct detection of the metalloid and health status of the patient with typical symptomatology of intoxication by iAs. For its development, a descriptive-analytical study was carried out, based on the search for high impact scientific articles that contribute to the fulfillment of the study objective. The most analyzed mechanism of action are sulfhydryl groups and substitution of phosphate groups due to its high genotoxicity that reduces glutathione levels producing apoptosis. In order to detect exposure to toxic substances that lead to diseases, the use of biomarkers is important, among which we can mention the biological exposure meter in blood effective in acute exposures, in urine used to measure current exposures, while in hair it is used in evaluations of chronic exposures. The effect marker is the most widely used since it performs biochemical alterations, sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes causing chromosome damage.