Estudio de las causas y mecanismos que se asocian al desarrollo de resistencia a antibióticos en enterobacterias

Abstract

Bacterial resistance is the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of antibiotics, whether bactericidal or bacteriostatic, WHO reported in 2019 that the rate of bacterial resistance has increased mainly in enterobacteria, for example: from 8.4% to 92.9% for Escherichia coli and 4.1% to 79.4% for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The main cause would be the irrational use of antibiotics, which has brought about the development of acquired and transmissible resistances, which from the clinical point of view are the most important because they allow the bacteria to acquire resistance according to their genetic variability. The objective of this research was to study the causes and mechanisms associated with the development of antibiotic resistance in enterobacteria, taking as a reference the critical list established by the OMS (Klebsiella, E. coli, Serratia, and Proteus). The methodology used was based on a descriptive study through a search in scientific articles on enterobacteria, types and mechanisms of bacterial resistance. It is concluded that the main mechanism of resistance in enterobacteria is enzymatic, specifically the production of β-lactamases (BLEEs, Metallo-β-lactamases, β-lactamases AmpC and OXA β-Lactamases), which in turn is mediated by resistance transfer mechanisms, mainly by plasmids that mobilize genes horizontally playing a determining role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, becoming a very serious health problem since the OMS has warned that by the year 2050 there will be more deaths related to resistant bacteria in the world than from cancer.