Evaluación del comportamiento fenotípico y agronómico de ocho variedades de girasol <i>“helianthus annuus”</i> en el cantón machala

Abstract

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an herbaceous plant of the asteraceous family of great agricultural importance at commercial level for its attractive inflorescence and its great variety of colors ranging from classic yellow to intense orange and red, as well as its beauty when following the sun during its floral development, making the sunflower crop a plant of great ornamental value. The objective of this work is to evaluate the phenotypic and agronomic performance of 8 varieties of "Helianthus annus" in Machala. The present work was carried out in the canton Machala El Oro, performing two sowings of sunflower the first was carried out in the period from August to November 2020 and the second sowing in December of the same year to March 2021 where the sunflower varieties were cultivated which were: Sunbright or Sunbeam, Moulin Rouge, Sunspot or Big Smile, Russian Giant, Velvet Queen, Common Sunflorwer, Music Box or Pastiche and Moonwalker, the study area has the coordinates of longitude O79°57'37. 91" latitude S3°15'31", 19 morphoagronomic variables were carried out in the course of its development, which were characterized by growth analysis techniques and yield variables, were estimated by means of numbers and weight of each chapter and seeds, the variables to be measured were: peduncle pigmentation, plant height (m), flower head diameter (cm), number of flowers per plant, number of petals, days from flower bud appearance to flowering, duration in days of flowering, number of leaves, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), head weight (g), seed weight of the main head (g), total seeds per plant (g), seeds in good condition (g), With this information collected from each sunflower variety, a multi-state matrix was made and standardized to obtain a correlation matrix, generating a dendrogram based on the distance of similarity, for which the SPSS statistical program was used, In the first sowing, 4 groups of comparisons were obtained where Music Bo presented a better result than the others, while in the second sowing, 5 groups of comparisons were presented where group 3 RussianG, Group 4 Moonwalk and Group 5 Moilinro, showed greater genetic variability, which in turn is useful for breeding programs since it can be attributed to high average values either in the height, diameter of the chapter, length and width of the seeds in comparison to the rest of the accessions, the principal component analysis was also performed, In the first and second sowing, both presented the same similarity in a positive and negative way in the first component, with a positive way the total seeds per plant (TSP), seeds in good condition (SBE), seed width (AS) and seed diameter (DS), while in a negative way the number of seeds per plant (TSP), seeds in good condition (SBE), seed width (AS) and seed diameter (DS), in component 2 of the first sowing, positively the number of flowers per plant (CFP) and the number of leaves (NH), in component 2 of the first sowing the duration in days to flowering (DF), leaf length (LH) and leaf width (AH) and negatively the number of flowers per plant (CFP) and plant height (AL) while in the second sowing with positive distribution the duration in days to flowering (DF), leaf length (LH) and leaf width (AH), leaf length (LH) and leaf width (AH), and with a negative distribution the number of leaves (NH), in component 3 of the first sowing, the number of petals (NP), days from the appearance of the flower bud to flowering (DBF) and plant height (AP) were positively distributed, while in the second sowing, peduncle pigmentation (PP) and plant height (AP) were positively distributed and the number of petals (NP) and days from the appearance of the flower bud to flowering (DBF) were negatively distributed, while in the second sowing, the fourth component was positively distributed and the number of petals (NP) and days from the appearance of the flower bud to flowering (DBF) were negatively distributed, the fourth component presented as positive the diameter of the capitulum (DC) and as negative the pigmentation of the peduncle (PP) and days from the appearance of the flower bud to flowering (DBF).