Efectos de la fertilización inyectada en plantas de banano (musa × paradisiaca l.) en diferentes estados fenológicos.

Abstract

The banana crop is the first agricultural economic sector that generates the Ecuador and is the most important in the world. In Ecuador, the province of El Oro has 15% of the national banana cultivated area, the Ecuadorian banana is desired worldwide by other countries so every day there is a need to improve field techniques, at a low investment cost and thus generate profitability for producers.Nitrogen fertilizers are essential in plant nutrition because they affect plant growth, improve its cellular structure and increase leaf area. The objective of this work was to carry out a method of fertilization injected to the banana pseudostem as an alternative to maintain soil health and increase productivity, with the purpose of obtaining and promoting the growth of offspring or so-called returns through the application of different sources of nitrogen to the pseudostem of the plant. A randomized block design with 4 treatments and 10 replications was used in the experimental area: T1 = Urea 8.3 g + Distilled water 75ml; T2 = Ammonium nitrate 8.3 g. + Distilled water 75 ml; T3= Ammonium sulfate 8.3 g. + Distilled water 75 ml; T4= Absolute control without application. The variables studied were: Phenological phases of banana( vegetative FD, development FD and productive), (ALT) plant height at emergence; (AHIJO) son height at harvest; (EFoliarP) leaf emission at emergence; (HCORTE) leaves at bunch cut; (PRAQUIS) rachis weight; (PMANOS) total hand weight; (PTOTAL) total bunch weight; (PMSOL) sun hand weight; (NMANOS) number of hands of bunch; (MILGDEDO) finger length of lower hand ; (MUCAL) lower hand calibration; (MSLGDEDO) finger length of last hand; (MSCAL) sun hand calibration; (NMDS) number of fingers of sun hand; (RATIO). The data were analyzed with the help of the SPSS program by performing a one-factor ANOVA and Tukey's test with 0.05 significance. The results obtained show that it is possible to grow bananas and obtain quality fruit for export through integrated crop management using nitrogen fertilizers. The results obtained show that the variables that show significance are (AHIJO), (EFoliarP), (PMANOS), (PTOTAL), (MILGDEDO), and the RATIO are significant since their significance level is less than 0.005. Leaf emission in the VF (1.2 leaf per week) and FD (22.4 leaves) stood out in T1 and T3, the growth in the VF was T3 (0.57 m) with the highest mean in relation to the others. The growth in FD were T1 and T2 with a homogeneity of 2.77 m, while T4 did not receive fertilizer doses applied with the injection method, resulted the lowest among the treatments, which is evident that the sources of nitrogen applied in the pseudostem affect differently in the development. With respect to the variables: (EfoliarP) and (H_CORTE) the T2 treatment stands out being the best result in leaves despite the fact that no product was applied to control black Sigatoka. Treatment T1 (Urea) in the following variables: (MUCAL) with a value of 40.3°, (MSCAL) with a total of 45.4°, (NMANOS) with a mean of 7.6 hands, (MILGDEDO) with a value of 9 inches, (MSLGDEDO) with a total of 10.9 inches, (NMDS) with a mean of 24.1 fingers, (PRAQUIS) with a mean of 6.9 pounds, had higher yield compared to the other treatments. Through the application of direct fertilization technology to the pseudostem it is possible to cultivate banana and obtain a quality fruit for export, the injected application takes advantage of almost 90% of fertilizer therefore it promotes to reduce the amount of fertilizer to apply, by reducing the amount of nitrous oxide and the amount of fertilizer to use would be decreasing soil contamination and soil compaction.