Uso de biochar como enmienda edáfica en el cultivo de maní (arachis hypogaea.l.) en la granja experimental santa inés

Abstract

The peanut is a legume of great agricultural importance, being valued for its high quality oil that produces, making it the thirteenth most important crop worldwide, being 4 oilseed plant in demand. It contributes to development and growth due to its high nutritional value (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates). The main exporting countries are China, India, Nigeria, Argentina and the United States. In Ecuador, the provinces that exploit the crop are Manabí, El Oro, Loja and Guayas. Peanut residues (hulls) have been used to obtain energy and to produce Biocarbón. Nowadays, the use of synthetic fertilizers has a great impact on the soil. One alternative to counteract the excess of chemicals is the application of organic amendments, such as Humus, Bocaschi, compost, Biol and Biochar. The latter is having a great impact on agricultural production. Biochar, also known as Biochar, activated carbon, is a regenerator obtained through a thermochemical process, which when applied improves soil properties, helps mitigate environmental impact, increases microbial activity, availability of nutrients assimilable to the plant, among others. The research study was carried out at the Experimental Farm "Santa Inés", belonging to the Technical University of Machala, located at the Panamerican Avenue Km. 5 1/2 Via Pasaje. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of various doses of Biochar applied to the soil on the development and yield of the peanut crop, which was developed from November 2020 to March 2021. For this trial the experimental unit was 170 mts (20m x 8.50 m), where 18 plots were established, spaced 2m wide by 2.50m long, placing two seeds/site, separated 0.50m between plants. Two varieties were planted: INIAP-380 and INIAP-382, applying 5 different doses of Biochar: T1 (0.5 g), T2 (1 g), T3 (1.5 g), T4 (2 g) and T0 (control). Morphological and productive parameters were evaluated. For this research, a factorial experimental design was used with two study factors which are the following factors A (Peanut Varieties), with two types: INIAP-380, INIAP-382 Caramel and factor B (Biochar dose). An invariant factorial analysis was performed. Statistical differences were found in both varieties and doses of Biochar, obtaining the following results Plant development in the variables height and number of branches per plant, it was observed that the INIAP-380 variety, the highest was the T1 with a value of 49.98, and the To with a value of 44.16, with a number of 4 branches per plant In contrast INIAP-382 Caramel the best treatment was the To with a value of 57.31, and the lowest the T4 with a result of 25.55, with a number of 3 branches per plant. Based on the statistical results in the number of pods and the number of seeds per plant, it was evident that the INIAP 380 varieties, the best was T2 with an average of 45 pods and T1 52.4 seeds per plant, in the INIAP 382 variety, giving the highest average T4 with 37 pods and T3 with 39.1 seeds. The increase in peanut yield was directly related to the components Pods per plant (VP), Seeds per plant (SP), Seed weight (PS) and Pod weight (PV).