Efecto de la aplicación edáfica de biocarbón en la microbiota del suelo de una finca bananera orgánica

Abstract

The banana (Musa x paradisiaca L.) is considered one of the most important and valuable raw materials in the world economy, so that for the main exporting countries of this item represents a fundamental part of their foreign exchange earnings. In Ecuador it is important for its nutritional quality, with the greatest production influence in the provinces of El Oro, Los Ríos, Guayas, Esmeralda and Manabí. Most international markets demand high quality fruit, especially organic bananas, due to the high percentage of chemical residues found in the fruit. Biochar is a plant material rich in carbon, when used as an edaphic amendment, it increases soil fertility, which has positively influenced its chemical, physical and biotic properties, certain studies show that biochar acts positively on the activity of beneficial microorganisms found in the soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of biochar application together with soil fertilization on the soil microbiota of banana crops. It was carried out at the "Ivanna" farm, which is located on the Balosa road at Km 12 in the Machala canton of the province of El Oro, Ecuador. Three treatments were established for the development, T1: 75 kg NPK + Microelements (100 g Zn + 100 g B + 2kg Fossil Shell Agro) + 5 kg Biochar, six applications were made per ha every 45 days; T2: 75 kg NPK + Microelements (100 g Zn + 100 g B + 2kg Fossil Shell Agro), six applications were made per ha every 45 days; T3: 75 kg NPK + Microelements (100 g Zn + 100 g B + 2kg Fossil Shell Agro), 10 applications were made distributed every 35 days, once the treatments were applied, microorganisms were collected by the quadrat method (1x1m chosen at random), they were taken to the laboratory and processed by PDA culture and direct seeding and purification methods were performed, In the Ivanna farm were found antagonistic microorganisms of the genus (Trichoderma, Beauveria bassiana), as phytopathogenic agents (Lecanicilium, Rhizopus, Zygomycota, Mucor) and in the San Vicente farm were found antagonistic fungi (Trichoderma), as well as phytopathogenic microorganisms (Zygomycota, Deutoromycota and Verticilium). With the data obtained an analysis of variance (ANOVA) of one factor was performed in the IBM SPSS STATICS 22 software and analyzed the interaction between the groups, evidencing that there are indeed significant differences in some of the variables, the T1 when applied increased the weight of the bunch with 64.54 lb, the ratio with 1.36, the degree of the last hand of the sun with 42.20 reflecting the same value in the T2, length of the finger of the last hand with 9. 33 and the same in T2, the weight of the sun hand with 12.95 lb, number of fingers of the sun hand with 23.33, in the length of finger of the sun hand with 10.60 observing the same length in T2 and in the week of cut to harvest with 11 weeks in both treatments; with the application of T3 better results were obtained only in the number of hands to bunch with 6.87 and in weight of rachis with 7.81 lb. Soil analyses were carried out for both farms, the Ivanna farm with a clay loam textural class, pH 6.40, EC 1.19, OM 2.26 and CEC 28.24, and the San Vicente farm with a loam textural class, pH 6.40, EC 0.51, OM 2.41 and CEC 25.32. The identification of the microorganisms found in the organic soils with biochar application showed a greater diversity of antagonistic fungi that help to control diseases and pests caused by phytopathogens; likewise, in cluster data, the best treatment was T1 (75 g NPK + Microelements (100 g Zn + 100 g B + 2 kg Fossil Shell Agro) + 5 kg Biochar) because it had better effects in more than 80% of the variables evaluated.