Archipiélago de Jambelí: propuesta de zonificación ambiental como estrategia para la conservación de los recursos naturales

Abstract

The zoning of the territory is a strategy that allows organizing a land or marine surface using biotic, abiotic and socioeconomic variables as criteria to define and implement policies of use that allow the development of economic activities through sustainable use, now last has been achieved take into account the environmental sphere where the values of conservation and strict protection of essential natural resources for society and the environment are involved. For this, the present study aimed to organize the territory of the Jambelí Archipelago by means of an environmental zoning that leads to the sustainable management and use of resources, using GIS tools and in turn being represented on cartographic maps. To be possible the delimitation of the zones, first the study area is known and a social, economic and environmental evaluation is made to identify the most critical problems of the place through the Vester matrix, a methodology that classifies them into four groups and in this way we obtain the main problem or problems, the baseline information obtained from the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial de Jambelí, 2015 was compiled; In the quantitative part, an analysis of the vegetation cover and land use change was carried out with the land cover and use shapefiles downloaded from the interactive map of the Ministry of the Environment and Water from 1990 to 2018. The second chapter consisted of establishing the zones taking as a reference the Plan de Manejo de la Reserva Ecológica Manglares Cayapas Mataje, 2014 where the zoning criteria and the Metodología para la zonificación de las áreas protegidas, 2020 were considered. take into account the zones established by the Ministry of the Environment. Poor planning and control of the territory was identified as the main problem in the Archipelago of Jambelí, either by authorities and communities, different causes and consequences are decomposed from this problem, in the analysis of land use change it was obtained that the area study has been modified by the construction of shrimp pools that took place since 1970 and since then they have continued to occupy 61.31% of the territory until 2018 compared to 9327.55 ha of mangrove equivalent to less than 30 % and that is considered as moderately altered, small areas have been reforested being a little significant change. The ecological landscape units were identified through the shapefiles that were loaded into ArcGIS, obtaining coverage and land use maps that contain the areas of mangrove swamp little and moderately altered, human settlements or communities of the Archipelago, areas under conservation with the category of agreements for the sustainable use and custody of mangroves and economic activities such as shrimp farms. With the identification of the landscape units, 5 zones were established according to the methodology used: protection zone that was considered to be the Isla Santa Clara Marine Reserve with 16.43 ha of land area and 37,630.57 ha of marine area, In the recovery zone, the areas in the process of erosion and the mangrove swamp were considered moderately altered, being 6,976.21 ha, the area of public use for tourism and recreation are the beaches with 232.83 ha and other tourist sites, in the area of Sustainable use are shrimp ponds with 14,668.47 ha and cultivated pasture areas with 1,718.29 ha that must be managed sustainably and strictly regulated by the competent authorities and finally the community management area that the agreements were considered of sustainable use and custody of mangroves granted to 13 communities and artisanal fishing associations with 7,539.75 ha.