Comportamiento morfo-agropoductivo de diferentes cultivares de fréjol común (phaseolus vulgaris) en las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la granja Santa Inés

Abstract

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), is a legume that is distributed in the five continents, because it presents a great genetic diversity and adaptation to different edafoclimatic conditions. It develops in warm, temperate and cold-temperate climates, is susceptible to sudden changes in temperature, which affect its performance. It can be consumed as dry or tender grain and due to the contribution of a great amount of nutrients, it constitutes a basic product in people's diet, especially in underdeveloped countries, where it is considered the protein of the poor. It also contributes to the biological fixation of N. It is currently cultivated in 129 countries worldwide. In Ecuador it is one of the most economically and nutritionally important edible grains, since it is the first in production and consumption. The agronomic management of bean cultivation includes various cultural tasks, as well as the use of different varieties and cultivars that can influence the obtaining of high yields. The present research was carried out in the experimental farm Santa Inés, belonging to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Machala, province of El Oro, Ecuador, with the objective of evidencing the morpho-agroproductive behavior of different cultivars of common bean in the edapho-climatic conditions of Santa Inés farm. In order to evaluate the effect of different cultivars on morpho-agroproductive parameters, a simple Latin square design was applied, because it was necessary to control the variability of soil fertility and the slope of the land, for which columns and rows were established. The factor of study cultivars was conformed by four versions (Black Mouth, Butter, White Imbabura and Bolon). The variables evaluated were plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), number of branches, pods per plant, pod length, grains per pod, weight of 100 seeds (g), agricultural yield (t ha-1), stem color, flower color, seed color, days to flowering, days to harvest and leaf shape. In order to detect if statistical differences between bean cultivars are presented or not, according to the variables previously declared, it was applied the factorial inter-group ANOVA, previous fulfillment of the requirements of the additive linear model. The results indicate that Bolón variety was the one that presented greater height at 30 (103.8 cm) and at 60 days (221.6) statistically to the other cultivars. The number of branches at 30 days did not present statistical difference in the white varieties Imbabura, Mantequilla and Bolón, however, at 60 days the variety Bolón registered the highest number of branches (9.19), statistically different from the rest of treatments under study. The variety Boca negra presented greater diameter of the stem at 30 (1.89 cm) and at 60 days (3.15 cm) statistically different from the rest of the cultivars. The days to flowering and days to the earliest harvest were reported in the white variety Imbabura (36 and 74 days) statistically different from the others. The components that allowed to define the agricultural yield were the diameter of the stem, length of pods and number of pods per plant. The Boca Negra cultivar was chosen as the crop with the best adaptation and yield (3.23 t ha-1 ) in the area.