Construcción de la curva de estado evolutivo de sigatoka negra (mycosphaerella fijiensis morelet.) en banano orgánico.

Abstract

The banana is a crop that originates from Southeast Asia, it develops in underwood conditions. The main producing countries are India, China, Indonesia, Brazil, Ecuador, the Philippines, Guatemala and Colombia. Exports are distributed among the regions of Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and Africa. In 2019, approximately 20.2 million tons were exported. Imports are led by the European Union with 31% of total annual imports, followed by the United States with 22%, China with 12%, the Russian Federation with 7.8%, Japan with 5.4% and finally Latin America and the Caribbean with 4.5%. Bananas are one of the main essential crops in Ecuador's economy, generating jobs for various families. In Ecuador, approximately 180,336.00 hectares are cultivated, which has the best soil and climate conditions for the production, which is why the Ecuadorian banana is considered the best in the world for the quality of the fruit. The largest production of bananas in the country is located in the province of El Oro, Guayas and Los Rios. The organic banana is an innovative production that allows to eliminate the use of agrochemicals and to reduce the environmental contamination, being one of the most quoted bananas in other countries because of the nutritional benefits that it contributes to our health. The province of El Oro is the main producer of organic bananas in the world due to the quality of the product and the soil and climatic conditions of the site. The main problem in the production of organic bananas is black sigatoka and its control, therefore, this research topic is formulated to know management alternatives, whose general objective is to construct the curve of the evolutionary state of black sigatoka in organic bananas based on the degree of contamination. The research was conducted at the farm "Santa Inés" located in the parish of El Cambio, province of El Oro. In order to make the biological pre-warning, 30 young plants were chosen from the organic banana staff, they were divided into groups of 10 plants to have an adequate record of the evolutionary state of black sigatoka in a calendar year, the control was made weekly. The following variables were studied: Relative humidity (%), Precipitation (mm), Past leaf emission (EFP), Current leaf emission (EFA), Leaf emission rate (REF), Candle correction (CC), Evolution coefficient (CE), Gross sum (SB), Evolution sum (SEV) and Evolutionary state (EE). The results reflect that there are differences between the first and last months of the year, it is noted that soil and climatic conditions, phytosanitary control and cultural practices directly influence the evolution of the pathogen, as shown in the month of October with an average of 2168.65 has the highest evolutionary state with a tendency to be higher, while September with an average of 1808.77 is the best month for efficiently perform the phytosanitary practices necessary for the control of sigatoka. It is concluded that the cultural practices in the banana plants reduce the level of contamination, allowing the producer to have the adequate conditions for the production of the crop.