Evaluación de mezcla física: fertilizante químico con enmiendas edáficas en el cultivo de banano (musa x paradisiaca l.)

Abstract

The banana is an energetic food of human consumption very wanted by its properties and benefits for the health, additional this one counts on very important nutritional components for the human health; this favors a high demand of consumption at world-wide level, reason why its culture and commercialization every time are extending to but regions of the world. The banana plantation requires cultural labors, edaphic and climatic requirements that banana growers must take into account at the time of planting in order to harvest a quality product and crops with high economic yields and excellent agronomic characteristics, meeting international standards, which is why plant nutrition is key to harvesting exportable quality fruit. Ecuador, due to its geographical location, has the advantage of having a favorable climate for the cultivation of bananas, especially in the provinces of Esmeraldas, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Los Ríos, Cotopaxi, Santa Elena, Guayas and El Oro, thus occupying the first places in the ranking of exports in this category, generating foreign exchange earnings and contributing to the country's internal economy. In order to cover the demand of the consumer countries of the product, like Russia, the European Union, the United States, among others, it is necessary to harvest the banana in smaller cycles of time to thus supply these markets, reason why a program/schedule of fertilization assures the production and that this one fulfills the quality requirements demanded by the demanders at international level, thus reducing rejects and being competitive with other producing countries, avoiding the wear and tear of soils and groundwater due to the indiscriminate use of synthetic origin fertilizers, which always contain inert materials and heavy metals in their formulation and which with each application accumulates in the soil causing its compaction and contamination. Taking into consideration the above, the present investigation was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the effect of a physical mixture of a chemical fertilizer with edaphic amendments in the banana crop (Musa x paradisiaca L.) on the soils with plantations in development destined for export of the farm "La Carmela" that has 16.8 ha, under the conventional management system, located in the Province of El Oro, Machala canton, "El Retiro" parish. A completely randomized block design (BCA) was used, with 3 treatments and 1 control, a total of 60 plants to be evaluated, each treatment was dosed as follows: T1 (NK 70 gr + Biocarbon 30 gr + Fosill Shell Agro 17 gr + Zeolite 55 gr + Boric acid 8.5 gr + Zinc oxide 8.5 gr), T2 (NK 70 gr + Biocarbon 15 gr + Fosill Shell Agro 14 gr + Zeolite 30 gr + Zinc oxide 8.5 gr). Boric 5 gr + Zinc Oxide 5 gr), T3 (NK 70 gr + Biocarbon 5 gr + Fosill Shell Agro 10 gr + Zeolite 12 gr + Boric 2.5 gr + Zinc Oxide 2.5 gr) and control. The evaluated variables were: height of the son to the childbirth (AHP), height of the son to the harvest (AHC), weight of the rachis (PRAQ), number of hands for bunch (NMR), number of fingers of hand Sun (NDMS), length of fingers of hand Sun (LDMS), sun finger grade (GDMS), number of leaves at calving (NHP), number of leaves at harvest (NHC), length of fingers of last hand (LDUM), days from calving to harvest (DPC), bunch weight (PRC). The data were analyzed with SPSS software version 22. By means of a one factor ANOVA and Tukey's test at 0.05 significance. The results obtained indicate that in T3 whose composition is NK 70 gr + Biocarbon 5 gr + Fosill Shell Agro 10 gr + Zeolite 12 gr + Boric acid 2.5 gr + Zinc oxide 2.5 gr obtained the most statistically significant measures, the variables of number of hands of the bunch have an average of 6. 25, with respect to the number of sun fingers it has an average of 20 unlike the other treatments, the calibration in this treatment oscillates in 44.80 degrees, the variable days from farrowing to harvest presents an average of 87 days, which represents 12.45 weeks in the cold season, which is the ideal time from farrowing to harvest with cold temperatures like those of August and September of this year 2020. It should be noted that being the treatment that presents the most favorable variables in the results, the T1 obtained the highest averages directly related to productivity such as number of leaves at harvest, and length of fingers in general (sun and last), which also contributed to having better bunch weights, the T4 had high values in the number of leaves in farrowing, in the heights of the child (farrowing and harvest), the T2 had in some variables slightly different with the T1 but failed to be significant. In conclusion, the use of biochar in physical mixtures with synthetic fertilizers improves banana crop productivity, allows lowering the dose of chemical fertilizer to be used and improves crop quality.