Evaluación de la incidencia de anemia en gestantes del Hospital Obstétrico "Ángela Loaiza de Ollague" durante Octubre-Diciembre 2019

Abstract

Health, throughout life, has been one of the priority indicators of the enjoyment of human rights as a whole. However, several frequent pathologies due to social, economic, food factors limited this well-being. One of the biggest incidents worldwide is anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is considered one of the pathologies with the highest risk and with high mortality rates worldwide. WHO records indicate values of 41.8% of pregnant women with anemia worldwide, and 50% in underdeveloped countries. It is produced by a decrease in hemoglobin concentrations, altering the transport of oxygen to the different tissues, and consequently due to an inadequate diet or lack of iron.. It produces negative effects of not being diagnosed in time, mainly in a patient in the gestation stage generating abortions, malnutrition, or irreversible damage to the fetus. According to reports from our country, the incidence of anemia is 46.9% in pregnant women. Reason why this experimental work is based on the determination of the incidence of anemia during the gestation period in patients of the Angela Loaiza de Ollague Hospital by performing hematological tests, with the purpose of determining the causative factors related to the pathology and the establishment of the highest incidence per trimester of pregnancy. Descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective methods were applied through scientific information and compilation of reports from certified entities, as well as the application of surveys and respective hematological analyzes based on protocols and regulations of the health establishment under study to determine the established objectives. A population of 500 pregnant patients was chosen, of which 200 were taken as samples. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) and statistical programs such as SPSS were applied to obtain the tables and graphs of the results. The study reported that of the 200 patients analyzed, 39% and 32% according to data obtained from hemoglobin and hematocrit parameters, respectively, suffered from iron deficiency anemia, of which 28% and 25.5% were in the third gestation period in both cases. The factors age, area of residence, economic situation, week of gestation, family income and previous abortions were obtained as influential factors related to pathology due to income limitations for timely care and services, inadequate feeding in the youth stage and difficulty of assistance to the required controls according to the priority requirements of the biological stage. It is concluded that hematological tests (hemoglobin and hematocrit) directly influence the diagnosis of the disease. In addition, it was determined that the most influential factors are economic situation, degree of education and area of residence for the development of iron deficiency anemia, as well as the analysis of statistical results established that the third quarter of pregnancy (28-42 weeks), is the period with the highest percentage of incidence of the presence of iron deficiency anemia in the patients under study.