Variabilidad espacial de la humedad y las fracciones granulométricas en un suelo inceptisol en Machala, provincia de El Oro

Abstract

The variability of the physical properties of the soils is spatial, the inceptisols because they are in continuous development contain greater variability than more evolved soils. The variation generally depends on the type of soil and the property to be analyzed. By knowing the spatial variability of humidity, it allows us to propose improvements in the efficient use of the water resource in order to obtain a good profitability in agricultural production and with less environmental impact. In view of the fact that the spatial variability of the soil affects the distribution in the water profile, the soil moisture analysis and the relationship with some of the physical properties in an inceptisol soil were performed with the objective of studying the behavior of the soil. Usable humidity based on the granulometric fraction and density supported by a multivariate analysis of certain physical properties through the maps of the spatial distribution of physical attributes to see their spatial variability in the Finca "La Flor" (Machala, Ecuador) dedicated to banana production. Among the main problems caused by low soil productivity is the incorrect execution of agricultural management practices, which causes the deterioration of physical properties, which are important because they regulate the movement of water within the soil and its Evaluation and characterization are helpful to program solutions to problems of compaction, drainage, fertility and low productivity. Soil along with factors such as water-plant are an important key to the development and productivity of banana cultivation because the soil is the main water supplier for the plants due to its large storage capacity and the direct relationship it has with the ability of the plant to remove a part of the water in the soil. Soil moisture is a major role in the behavior of physical properties because substances are transported through it. In the area of the investigation, the planimetric survey of the farm was carried out with a GPS, the geographic information was processed in the AutoCAD 2017 software using an 80 x80 grid, obtaining three sampling points where test pits were made with stairs at a distance of 0m , 3m, 6m, 9m and 12m located on the "x" axis and the "y" axis with 2 soil depths of 0-25 and 25-50 cm, in order to obtain a total of 58 samples to determine physical properties of the soil such as: texture, bulk density, real density, organic matter content, pH, porosity, electrical conductivity and moisture content. The samples were processed using the methodology of the protocols in the soil laboratory located in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Machala. With the data obtained, parameters of central tendency, dispersion and distribution were estimated in the IBM SPSS STATICS 22 software, where the statistical analysis of main components indicates 73.12% of the total variance. This conformed three main components, where the first CP obtained a higher correlation coefficient for sand, silt and clay, while porosity; Gives; MO and HA in PC 2 and 3 respectively, this method allows us to appreciate the behavior of the variables. A geo-statistical analysis was performed using the Arcmap version 10.3 (2014) software using the semivariogram parameters for interpolation by the kriging method to design spatial variability maps of the physical properties of the soil, which provide important information for farm management and future decision making.