Caracterización morfoagronómica de 27 accesiones de maní (arachis hypogea l.) pertenecientes al banco de semillas de la UACA-UTMACH

Abstract

The peanut is a crop with great agronomic and industrial potential, currently its main producers are India, USA, and China, although its centers of origin are in South American countries such as Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina, the latter being the unique in the region that presents a large-scale production. Due to its content of 30% of proteins, minerals and essential oils, 50% of unsaturated fats that contribute to cholesterol decrease, is considered a superfood. For the above, collections of this species have been made in the Province of El Oro, in order to estimate the genetic diversity of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Currently the accessions collected are guarded by the seed bank of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the UTMACH, where the morphoagronomic characterization of 27 accessions that make up the collection was made, using 28 descriptors standardized by Bioversity International, which were: number of stems per plant, number of true leaves, growth habit, plant diameter, width of leaflets of the main stem, length of leaflets of the main stem, width of leaflets of the lateral stem, length of leaflets of the lateral stem, flowers on the main axis, presence of long hairs on the underside of the leaflets of the main stem, presence of short hairs on the underside of the leaflets of the main stem, shape of the leaflet, color of the leaf, color of the stem, days of flowering, height of main stem, length of seed, width of seed, weight of seed, pattern of seed color, color of the seed Primary illa, color of the secondary seed, cross-linking of the pod, length of the pods, width of the pods, number of seeds per pod, tip of the pod and finally the strangulation of the pod. Repeated plots were prepared with a planting of 100 plants for each line of research with a separation between rows of 1.5 meters. With the information collected from the characterization, a multistate matrix was carried out, which was standardized to obtain a correlation matrix with it, a dendogram was generated based on the Euclidean distances, for this the SPSS statistical program was used, in which it was visualized clearly 4 well-defined groups, noting the great phenotypic variety that exists, group three stands out with 16 accessions, where subgroup 2 and subgroup 3 have similarity in the variables of sheath crosslinking, seed weight, height of the main stem, width of the seed, while group 4 is the most distant and greatest variance with the accession FCA 021, the only member of group 4 that has the highest values in terms of leaflet widths of the main stem , length of leaflets of the main stem, width of leaflets of the lateral stem, length of leaflets of the lateral stem, a comp analysis was also performed main sources that allowed observing the most discriminating descriptors to analyze the variability, the descriptors Stem color, Number of seeds per pod, Foliole shape, Number of stems per plant, Height of the main stem, Width of the pods, Flowers on the axis principal. Presence of short hairs on the underside of the leaflets of the main stem, Length of the seed, Length of the pods, Growth habit, Primary color of the seed, individually establish the greatest variability in the accessions of Arachis studied.