Caracterización hidrológica de una cuenca mediante un sistema de información geográfico caso de estudio cuenca del río Casacay.

Abstract

Water is an essential resource in any process of social, natural and industrial nature thanks to the fact that it is present, in every aspect from the production of energy to human consumption, activities designed to satisfy nutritional needs, and its administration that constitutes a complex theme in government agencies. The main objective of the relevant research is to model the Casacay river basin through a graphical abstraction in ArcGIS, to understand its physical-spatial and hydraulic characteristics, serving as a baseline in design or planning of projects focused on water management. The problem that motivates the case analysis is the lack of systematized and reliable information on the state of the CASACAY basin, the institutions or control bodies do not have an adequate means to graphically represent nearby watersheds, nor do they make calculations or estimates in the management of water resources, in turn, evidences the lack of technification in the use of dynamic tools in decision making in all social aspects at the national level; Another latent difficulty in local offices that manage water resources is the lack of statistical information that allows studies or operations based on historical data to measure the evolution of the basin with respect to exploitation time, as well as perform histograms that allow emulation its behavior in a numerical way and predict relevant events such as soil erosion, hydrological recharge losses or flooding in nearby areas. In the compilation of theoretical conceptions, the study is based on a bibliographical investigation to settle the criteria to be followed in the practical part, arguing the applicable processes in references mainly of scientific articles and describing the state of the subject at a contextual level, with the purpose of delineating the steps to follow in the elaboration of the hydrographic model. The applied field methodology is the modeling, from an abductive point of view that allows adding knowledge by concatenating the geo points referenced with the GPS, with the data provided by the Military Geographic Institute (IGM) to graphically emulate the qualities of the hydrological basin in a geographic information system. In the results it is allowed to carry out the morphological parameters of the basin, hydraulic characteristics such as channel length, runoff time, drainage network, average precipitation; quantify hydrological variables such as the use of soils, microwatershed surfaces, response to rainfall and even appreciate the milestones inside their area such as buildings, towns or public institutions. One of the benefits of the model is its graphical interface that facilitates the user's understanding and interaction with the basin through thematic maps, whose content is varied from contour lines to isohyets; presented the potential of being used as didactic software, thanks to the fact that it is solved at ArcGIS, which is a set of geo-processing tools suitable for learning chairs related to hydrological sciences. It is imperative to note that the environmental impact derived from the flow of water consumed by the populations it feeds, cannot be accurately quantified, making it mandatory to have monitoring stations and models that take these values to strategically coordinate quantity conservation plans. water quality in the Casacay basin reforestation, rotation in land use, reintegration of species, …, with the goal of taking care of the water resource for future generations.