Control de hongos asociados a la pudrición de corona en los frutos de banano con extractos etanólicos de aloe vera

Abstract

Ecuador is the country that most exports bananas worldwide and has been maintained for more than forty years. In 2017, the Ecuadorian banana sector exported 6'176,269.16 tons close to 2'742,005 million dollars. During transport, losses occur due to crown rot and anthracnose. These post-harvest diseases affect the quality of the banana producing its rejection in the local port and in the entrance to the country of destination. This research was carried out in the phytopathology laboratory of the Academic Unit of Agricultural Sciences (UACA), of the Technical University of Machala (UTMACH), located in El Cambio Parish, Machala canton. The objectives of the trial were to determine the fungi associated with crown rot in banana fruit and its control with ethanolic extracts of aloe vera. It took 10 banana clusters, obtained from the fruit processing plant on the farm, and were placed in humid chambers in order to make the mushrooms manifest faster. The fungi were isolated from diseased tissue, which, with the help of a laminar flow chamber, the diseased tissue was seeded in petri dishes with PDA culture medium. The fungi were then purified in PDA culture medium and the pathogenicity test was carried out on banana fruits to confirm if the isolated fungi are associated with the disease. The banana fruits that showed the presence of mycelium in the crown were observed in a microscope, in sheets of leaves and cover objects, for their identification at the gender level. The genera that were preliminarily identified are Fusarium sp. and Cladosporium Sp. Nine treatments were tested, T9 (MERTEC + FUNGAFLOR), T8 (7% alcohol + 93% distilled water), (2% ethanolic extract), T3 (3% ethanolic extract), T4 (4 ethanolic extract) )%), T5 (5% ethanolic extract), T6 (6% ethanolic extract) and T7 (7% ethanolic extract). For aloe vera-based treatments two aloe vera leaves were taken, weighing 500 gr. Of aloe vera and it was applied to 1 liter of alcohol (96º), allowing to rest for two days, obtaining the solution of the treatments with aloe extract. An experimental design of nonparametric blocks (Friedman test) was carried out with nine treatments and three repetitions. Each experimental unit consists of 4 banana fingers placed on plastic plates. For the variable severity of the disease, the graphic climbing of Frossard is described, to measure the severity index of the disease, which, with the data, is elaborated in the area under the curve of progress of the disease (ABCPE), in which is the application of the statistical design mentioned above. It was demonstrated that the best alternative control of ethanolic extracts in the fungi associated with the disease rotted from the crown in banana, apart from the chemical treatment (mertect + fungaflor), was the T2 treatment, with a concentration of 2% Ethanolic extract from Avera