Análisis estructural de domos geodésicos metálicos como alternativa a la demanda de unidades habitacionales tipo vivienda

Abstract

At present, development in the world is progressing faster and faster. One of the factors of this development is the adaptation of the cities in their infrastructure that allows a better quality of life. The population that lives and works in the countryside does not enjoy these advantages since in the majority of cases it lacks environmental sanitation works, such as potable water systems, sewage systems and rainwater, and, above all, there is a large housing deficit. These deficiencies have caused the migration of rural populations to the urban area in search of these comforts and also of work opportunities. But, because they do not have the necessary economic resources to provide a home with all the basic services, it has given rise to the so-called invasions of vacant lots in the cities, which causes the appearance of deficient constructions in security and basic services for the materials with which they are constituted, since the inhabitants use plastics, cartons and sticks to give themselves a place to live. This problem occurs in Ecuador, so in the 2017-2021 National Plan it is proposed to promote housing programs of social interest in vacant urban land and areas provided with public services and basic equipment, avoiding spatial segregation and the expulsion of resident population and adequately assessing the risk of occurrence of disasters of natural or anthropic origin. To give an answer to this problem, it is proposed in this research the use as a housing unit housing type to the geodesic dome type structure. The geodesic dome is a dome that consists of small triangles that are approximately equal, and so that the vertices of the triangles are all on the surface of a sphere. Invented by the American R. Buckminster Fuller, this type of structural configuration jumps a greater saving of material of construction than any other structure with another form (which would translate to a lower cost for its acquisition), it is safe thanks to the loads applied in it are distributed evenly throughout its construction and most importantly, its center of gravity is low, which gives a great advantage to other buildings when facing earthquakes. The way in which its structure is configured makes the dome an ideal housing of social interest, and with the results of this research it will be demonstrated, under an analysis in a structural analysis program, that its construction offers structural security, an advantage that does not they offer the majority of affordable housing nowadays at a lower cost. For the structural analysis of the geodesic dome it is necessary to know the minimum spaces necessary for a dwelling of social interest, the global dimensions of the dome-like structure and the obtaining of coordinates of the different nodes in order to build a three-dimensional model that through an Analysis of external loads and of own weight, its response and efforts in elements will be evaluated using methods of the method based on linear range forces.