Manejo integrado del cultivo de banano (musa x paradisiaca l.) clon williams, usando biocarbón y microorganismos eficientes

Abstract

The cultivation of bananas is the first agricultural item to generate foreign currency to Ecuador and is the second export product nationwide. The black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) is considered the biggest phytosanitary problem of this crop, for its control a variety of fungicides have been used that seek to appease the attack of this fungus and its effects in the production. The international market is currently looking for organic production fruit whose chemical load in its cultivation cycle is minimal and does not alter its nutritional value. International organizations such as FAO promote integrated pest management in crops to reduce the use of agrochemicals and the care of fertile soils, which are the fundamental basis of food security worldwide. Considering the foregoing, in this work we studied the effect of implementing the use of biochar in conjunction with efficient microorganisms (ME) to improve the phytosanitary quality of the banana crop, and reduce the chemical load in the control of black Sigatoka to zero fumigation cycles, providing a safe alternative for the sustainability, quality and health of the environment through the application of integrated crop management. The experiment used a randomized block design with six treatments and 30 repetitions: T1 = Fossil Shell Flour + Biocompost; T2 = 1.7 Conversion, T3 = Fossil Shell Flour + Biocompost + ME, T4 = 1.7 Conversion + ME; T5 = Fossil Shell Flour + Biocompost + ME + Biochar and T6 = 1.7 Conversion + ME + Biochar. The study variables were: Evolutionary status of Black Sigatoka (EE); percentage of live root in early plants (PRS), days to harvest from sowing (DAC), number of healthy leaves to harvest (NHC), bunch weight (PRAC), spine weight (PRAQ), ratio (RATIO) ), latex on the finger (LD), height of the son at harvest (AHC), degree of the last hand (GUM), degree of the hand of the sun (GMS), total hands per bunch (NM) and relation degrees Brix degrees / leaf (GBH), brix degrees / fruit (GBF), to determine the nutritional value of the mature fruit. The results obtained in a general way show that it is possible to grow bananas and obtain fruit with agronomic export quality by means of the integrated management of the crop using biochar and ME, the execution of the cultural tasks such as surgeries on diseased leaves, early blunting and punctual defoliation made possible stop using fungicides and reach the harvest with an acceptable number of healthy leaves in all treatments, the values of EE in general in all treatments were in the range of 900 to 1300, noting that in the treatments where they were together biocarbón and the ME there was a better phytosanitary state and a more uniform leaf emission; the percentage of healthy roots (PRS) is significant among the treatments, demonstrating that the elicitor effect of biochar also improves the phytosanitary status of the root system, allowing a higher percentage of healthy roots optimizing in this way the absorption of nutrients which is directly related with a higher yield of harvest. The brix / leaf / fruit ratio shows that the chemical load is greater in the T2 that uses fertilizer (7.3 degrees brix) while the treatments T1, T3, T4, T5 and T6 have 9.9 - 10.7 - 10 - 10.2 and 10.6 respectively corroborating that the mixture of fertilizers with ME and biochar improves plant phytosanitary. The variables analyzed for the crop DAC, NHC, PRAC, PRAQ, RATIO, LD, AHC, GUM, MSG and ML are not significant for any treatment but do indicate a higher bunch weight and better ratio in T6 (43.08 kg weight of cluster and 0.87 ratio) with an average of 5.2 compared to the conventional T2 that has an average of 5.33 hands, the clusters have lower weight and lower ratio, which highlights the fact that the use of ME and biochar increases the yield of crops . Finally the variable degrees brix / fruit shows that the 15.2 degrees brix recorded in the T2 that uses conventional fertilizer is low in relation to T3 and T6 that have 19 degrees brix, T4 with 20.1 and finally the T5 treated only with organic products has 20.8 degrees Brix demonstrating that this fruit has a high nutritional value, so we dare to say that at a lower chemical load fruits are more nutritious and improve the health of consumers. The use of biochar favors the phytosanitary quality of the crop and increases the yield, the efficient microorganisms need to act in conjunction with the biochar to increase their efficiency. The non-application of fungicides and insecticides did not affect the exportable agronomic quality or diminished the production, it was possible to harvest with seven healthy leaves as a general average without having applied during the year of study a single chemical control of black Sigatoka, in terms of content nutritional the brix degrees in leaf showed that the use of synthetic fertilizers applied alone to the soil also affect the chemical load of the plant, but this does not happen when applied in conjunction with biocarbon and ME, its negative effect is minimal to the quality of fruits. Economically, handling with biochar and ME is more profitable than the use of insecticides, fungicides and their application.