Diagnóstico ambiental bacteriológico del agua marina de la comuna Bajo-alto y su relación con la actividad turística de contacto primario

Abstract

The pollution of the water of the beaches is a problem that affects worldwide, due to the different factors, one of them, the foci of contamination that are originated mainly by the discharges of the residual rivers that mark the alteration of their quality and affect The tourism. of beach, such is the case of the beach of the Bajo-Alto commune that has been presented the drawbacks of water pollution of houses located on the shore of the Bajo Viejo stream that flows directly to the beach, in addition to the presence of activities as swine and shrimp that discharge their wastewater into channels that flow into the beach, and finally the waters of the treatment plant of the commune that are discharged to an unnamed canal and then flow into an estuary called El Real located near the site The Puntilla that crosses the system of currents drags the pollutants towards the beach. That is why it was proposed as a general objective to determine the quality of the marine water of the Bajo-Alto commune through bacteriological analysis to guarantee the sustainability of the primary contact tourist activity. The research has a Mixed "pure" Quantitative Quality approach, with an exploratory, descriptive, correlational and explanatory scope that has a general idea of the environmental effects in relation to the problems of the locality and thus determines the possible solutions. Key information was obtained for the investigation through interviews with several social actors who know the situation of the commune. This type of research was experimental and transectional because the sampling points were made in a given time, for the analysis were collected 10 water samples, 4 in the area of direct influence and 6 in the GPS area for Sampling of the samples is used in the following GARMIN MONTANA 650 GPS instruments, which was used for the exact coordinates where the water samples were collected and the Google Earth program and ArcGIS 10.3 to make the maps of the study area. The results of the bacteriological analysis investigation determined that the beach water of the Bajo-Alto commune is contaminated by high amounts of coliforms and the maximum permissible levels stipulated in the TULSMA, among the sampling points with the highest degree of Contamination in fecal coliforms were E1, E2, P1, P7 and P8 and the exceeded points of total coliforms were E1, E2, P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5, giving A consequence that the water of the beach is very contaminated. For this reason, the implementation of the contact chamber (Process of chlorination and improvement of the processes of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the Bajo-Alto commune located in the El Palmar citadel) was generated as a proposal. the sewage treatment plant that has the commune located in the El Palmar citadel so that the water that is discharged is free of contaminants and solve the main source of contamination that the beach has.