Análisis estructural de dos sistemas de losa en un edificio de Machala: nervadas bidireccionales vs. deck mediante modelación en etabs

Abstract

The study compared two common structural systems used in building construction in Machala, Ecuador: the bidirectional ribbed slab and the steel deck slab. Its main objective was to evaluate and compare the performance of both systems, which are fundamental for supporting loads and ensuring the stability of structures. Frequently, the selection of these systems is based on practical experience rather than on detailed technical analysis, which can result in additional costs and safety risks. To overcome this traditional approach, ETABS software was employed to model the behavior of the slabs under various load conditions. The analysis evaluated load capacity, the distribution of internal forces, and the deformations occurring in each system. In addition, both national and international construction standards—such as the NEC, ACI, and AISC—were considered, which helped validate the results and ensure compliance with recognized benchmarks. The results revealed that the steel deck slab presents significant advantages, including faster construction speed, lighter weight, and material savings. These characteristics make it particularly attractive for projects with time and budget constraints. However, its application requires careful planning, especially in the design of secondary beams, to ensure an adequate distribution of loads. In contrast, the bidirectional ribbed slab is distinguished by its ability to distribute loads uniformly, making it suitable for multi-story buildings or complex designs, although it demands precise control of deformations to maintain stability. Highlighting the importance of the study, it is recommended to develop local manuals and technical guides, perform exhaustive load studies in the early stages of design, and promote training in modern modeling tools. These actions are essential to achieve constructions that are safe, functional, and economically viable for the Machala community.