Manejo del prolapso del cordón umbilical en emergencias obstétricas

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical cord prolapse, a rare but serious obstetric emergency, occurs when the cord moves in front of the presenting fetus, compromising blood flow. Its incidence ranges from 1 to 6 cases per 1,000 pregnancies, with higher mortality in developing countries. Risk factors include preterm birth and malpresentation. The prognosis improves with prompt and appropriate intervention. OBJECTIVE: To describe the most effective management strategies for cord prolapse in obstetric emergencies, focusing on their contribution to reducing neonatal mortality. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive bibliographic review was carried out, using several search engines such as the Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library to search for keywords, and validated information was collected in scientific databases such as PubMed, Ebsco, Scopus, Scielo, Google Scholar and Management Guides. DEVELOPMENT: Obstetric maneuvers are a common cause of cord prolapse, emphasizing the need for careful implementation. Early detection is essential to minimize fetal complications. Therefore, healthcare personnel must be trained and vigilant to intervene swiftly and effectively. Although risk factors are largely unavoidable, the adoption of clear protocols and adequate training improves diagnosis and timely management, reducing maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The management of this obstetric emergency requires immediate actions, such as maneuvers to relieve compression and preserve fetal oxygenation, along with preparation for emergency cesarean section, always prioritizing maternal-fetal safety and adapting to available resources.